Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC)

Carboxymethyl cellulose is synthesized by the alkali-catalyzed reaction of cellulose with chloroacetic acid.^[3] The polar (organic acid) carboxyl groups render the cellulose soluble and chemically reactive. Fabrics made of cellulose – e.g., cotton or viscose (rayon) – may also be converted into CMC.

Following the initial reaction, the resultant mixture produces approximately 60% CMC and 40% salts (sodium chloride and sodium glycolate). This product, called technical CMC, is used in detergents.^{[citation needed]} An additional purification process is used to remove salts to produce pure CMC, which is used for food and pharmaceutical applications. An intermediate 'semi-purified' grade is also produced, which is typically used in paper applications such as the restoration of archival documents.

CMC is a white or lightly yellow powder with no odor, flavor, or poisonous properties. It is hygroscopic and dissolves well in hot or cold water, forming a viscous solution. It is not soluble in organic solvents like methanol, ethanol, acetone, chloroform, and benzene. The functional properties of CMC depend on the degree of substitution of the cellulose structure (i.e., how many of the hydroxyl groups have been converted to carboxymethylene groups in the substitution reaction), as well as the chain length of the cellulose backbone structure and the degree of clustering of the carboxymethyl substituents. It is commonly used as a viscosity modifier or thickener and to stabilize emulsions in various products, both food and non-food-related. It is mainly used because it has a high viscosity, is nontoxic, and is generally considered to be hypoallergenic.

 

 

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